For Hindi (Modern Standard Hindi) speakers
All 40 American English sounds
Every target sound in textbook order, with the sound a Hindi (Modern Standard Hindi) speaker tends to use instead. Click a kind to open the detail page.
40 of 40
| Sound | As in | You may say | Kind | Salience | Impact | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 /i/ | see | /iː/ | Same sound, different production | ●○○○○ | ●○○○○ | sourced |
 /ɪ/ | sit | /ɪ/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●●○○○ | sourced |
 /e/ | day | /eː/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●○○○○ | sourced |
 /ɛ/ | bed | /ɛː/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | sourced |
 /æ/ | cat | /ɛː, aː/ | Missing sound | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /ʌ/ | cup | /ə, ɑː/ | Missing sound | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /ə/ | sofa | /ɛː, ɑː/ | Different distribution | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /ɝ/ | bird | /əɾ, ʌɾ/ | Missing sound | ●●●●○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /ɑ/ | hot | /aː/ | Two sounds merged | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | sourced |
 /ɔ/ | law | /ɔː/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /o/ | go | /oː/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /ʊ/ | book | /uː/ | Same sound, different production | ●○○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
| /u/ | food | not yet written | ||||
 /aɪ/ | my | /aː, ɛː/ | Missing sound | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /aʊ/ | how | /ɔː, aː/ | Missing sound | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /ɔɪ/ | boy | /ɔi/ | Missing sound | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /p/ | pen | /p/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
| /b/ | bed | not yet written | ||||
| /m/ | man | not yet written | ||||
| /w/ | win | not yet written | ||||
| /f/ | fish | no issue here | consensus | |||
 /v/ | van | /ʋ/ | Two sounds merged | ●●●●○ | ●●●●○ | sourced |
 /θ/ | think | /t̪, t̪ʰ/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●●○ | sourced |
| /ð/ | this | /d̪, d̪ʰ/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /t/ | top | /ʈ, t̪/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●●● | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /d/ | dog | /ɖ, d̪/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●●● | ●●●○○ | sourced |
| /s/ | sun | not yet written | ||||
| /z/ | zoo | not yet written | ||||
| /n/ | no | not yet written | ||||
| /l/ | light | not yet written | ||||
| /r/ | red | not yet written | ||||
| /ʃ/ | ship | not yet written | ||||
| /ʒ/ | vision | not yet written | ||||
| /tʃ/ | chair | not yet written | ||||
| /dʒ/ | jump | not yet written | ||||
| /j/ | yes | not yet written | ||||
 /k/ | cat | /k/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
| /g/ | go | not yet written | ||||
| /ŋ/ | sing | not yet written | ||||
| /h/ | house | not yet written |